Neurotoxicity.of.Metals.[taliem.ir]

Neurotoxicity of Metals

Lead exposure is a major concern for the developing nervous system. Environmental exposures to lead, predominantly from contaminated water or lead paint chips, account for the majority of exposures to children. In utero and early life exposures to lead have been associated with lower IQ, antisocial and delinquent behaviors, and attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we will discuss sources of developmental lead exposure and mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. We will highlight both human epidemiological studies showing associations between lead exposure and behavioral abnormalities as well as experimental data from animal studies. Finally, we will discuss the effects of lead on neurological endpoint past childhood, namely, development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age.
Patient.Involvement.in.Health.Technology.Assessment.[taliem.ir]

Patient Involvement in Health Technology Assessment

This chapter will explore the history of health technology assessment (HTA) and how it has evolved in terms of processes and methods, highlighting elements relevant to patient involvement to lay a foundation for the subsequent chapters of this book. HTA is a policy analysis that seeks to inform decision-makers in national, regional or hospital health services about the use of health technologies. HTAs require systematic processes that critically assess research about the impacts of using the health technology along with context-specifc appraisal of the social, economic, legal and ethical implications of the use of the health technology. This is not simply a scientifc endeavour. It requires interdisciplinary deliberative discussion and value judgements about the relevance of the evidence for the local health system. HTAs may recommend the use or disinvestment of a health technology and so are subject to political, public and stakeholder scrutiny. As a result there has been pressure to involve those who have a specifc interest in the health technology, particularly patients, in the TA process. However, this is contentious due to concerns about potential bias and representativeness of patient input and the scientifc integrity of patient evidence.
Patient.Safety.and.Quality.in.Pediatric.Hematology.[taliem.ir]

Patient Safety and Quality in Pediatric Hematology/ Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation

A family takes their 4-year-old girl into the hospital for concerns of new bruising and lower extremity pain. The child has been symptomatic for a few weeks, but the symptoms signifcantly worsened over the past few days. The parents anxiously wait for the lab results to return, not knowing what to expect. The emergency room physician enters the room with a solemn face and explains that their child likely has leukemia and would need to be admitted to the hospital. The words hang in the air, “your child has cancer.” The parents do not yet know the massive lifestyle change in store for them. They do not realize the amount of time they will spend in the clinic, in the inpatient unit, and in a waiting room while their child undergoes yet another procedure. They do not know, at this time, the number of medications their child will take on a daily basis for the next several years and how easy it will be to confuse these complicated-sounding medications. There are many long days and sleepless nights ahead for them, but they will do it. They will give their complete trust to the physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and hospital staff to care for their girl.
Manual.of.Gynecardiology.Female-Specific.[taliem.ir]

Manual of Gynecardiology

Sex-related differences in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and other manifestations of cardiovascular disease are currently not taken into account in the various existing risk scores. This often leads to an underestimation of the actual CVD risk in women. Traditional risk factors, female-specifc risk factors and nontraditional risk variables are discussed in this chapter with their meaning in order to identify the high risk woman.
Manual.of.3D.Echocardiography.[taliem.ir]

Manual of 3D Echocardiography

The advent of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) represented a real breakthrough in cardiovascular ultrasound. Major advancements in computer and transducer technology allow to acquire 3D data sets with adequate spatial and temporal resolution for assessing the functional anatomy of cardiac structures in most of cardiac pathologies. Compared to conventional two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) imaging, 3DE allows the operator to visualize the cardiac structures from virtually any perspective, providing a more anatomically sound and intuitive display, as well as an accurate quantitative evaluation of anatomy and function of heart valves . In addition, 3DE overcomes geometric assumptions and enables an accurate quantitative and reproducible evaluation of cardiac chambers , thus offering solid elements for patient management. Furthermore, 3DE is the only imaging technique based on volumetric scanning able to show moving structures in the beating heart, in contrast to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) or cardiac computed tomography (CT), which are based on post-acquisition 3D reconstruction from multiple tomographic images and displaying only 3D rendered snapshots.
Managing.Segmental.Renal.Diseases.[taliem.ir]

Managing Segmental Renal Diseases

Some organs, such as the lungs, the kidneys, and the liver, are made up of lobes, which in the lungs and liver are clearly visible, but much less evident in the kidneys. The lungs and liver appear to have a lobated structure from the outside and shelter the internal functioning parenchymal segments. This function is inherent to all organ systems and can work independently due to the fact that it remains operative even when other parts of the lobe or the organ have been removed or are nonfunctioning as a result of illness. The segments have their own vessels, nerves, and aeration and secretion ducts, and as a result it is possible, when necessary, to remove the segment without causing any damage to the rest of the lobe (lung, liver). This leaves the organ sound and only deprived of the removed area. In childhood, the kidney has an external lobated appearance, whereas in adulthood it is commonly compact or conglobate. In any case, the interior of its structure is composed of lobes, each made up of a minor calyx that receives the apex papillae of the pyramid surrounded by its own cortical envelop, which together form the renal segment. It is also possible to perform a lobectomy on the kidney, which is known as a renal segment ablation.
Gastrointestinal.Pharmacology.(Handbook.of.Experimental.Pharmacology).[taliem.ir]

Gastrointestinal Pharmacology

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for the digestion and absorption of ingested food and liquids. Due to the complexity of the GI tract and the substantial volume of material that could be covered under the scope of GI physiology, this chapter briefly reviews the overall function of the GI tract, and discusses the major factors affecting GI physiology and function, including the intestinal microbiota, chronic stress, inflammation, and aging with a focus on the neural regulation of the GI tract and an emphasis on basic braingut interactions that serve to modulate the GI tract. GI diseases refer to diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. The major symptoms of common GI disorders include recurrent abdominal pain and bloating, heartburn, indigestion/dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. GI disorders rank among the most prevalent disorders, with the most common including esophageal and swallowing disorders, gastric and peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis or delayed gastric emptying, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many GI disorders are difficult to diagnose and their symptoms are not effectively managed. Thus, basic research is required to drive the development of novel therapeutics which are urgently needed. One approach is to enhance our understanding of gut physiology and pathophysiology especially as it relates to gut-brain communications since they have clinical relevance to a number of GI complaints and represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions including inflammatory diseases of the GI tract such as IBD and functional gut disorders such as IBS.
Therapeutic.Angiogenesis.[taliem.ir]

Therapeutic Angiogenesis

The book discusses recent fndings and current perspectives in therapeutic angiogenesis. Generally, surgical bypass and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty alone or in combination with pharmacological therapy are options for revascularization and improvement in limb ischemic symptoms in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Unfortunately, patients with peripheral arterial disease with no other treatment option are subjected to amputation. Recently, clinical studies have shown that novel therapies, including implantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells, peripheral mononuclear cells, endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose-derived stem cells; transfer of genes encoding for angiogenic growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fbroblast growth factor; and other therapies (e.g., irradiation of pulsed ultrasound and shock wave, injection of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor, Waon therapy, aerobic exercise, new drug delivery system, and use of tissue engineering) are effective for improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with critical limb ischemia who previously had no treatment option other than amputation. This concept is called “therapeutic angiogenesis.” In 2002, it was reported for the frst time that implantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells increases collateral vessel formation and improves ischemic symptoms in patients with peripheral arterial disease who have no other treatment option.
Metabolic.Engineering.for.Bioactive.Compounds.[taliem.ir]

Metabolic Engineering for Bioactive Compounds

Microbes and plants are a major source of naturally occurring compounds. However, a few of them especially the secondary metabolites are among those termed as bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds have unique biological activities, which can be assigned to unique chemical structures, uncommon chemical groups and structural elements. Due to these specifc properties, bioactive compounds have been exploited for diverse biotechnological applications. These compounds have strong flavours and odours with usage as antibacterials and for antineoplastic, anticancer and antiviral activities. A few strategies to enhance their production and effcacy involve metabolic engineering of the process through the use of tools such as molecular biology, nanotechnology, bioinformatics, etc.
Neurotoxicity.of.Metals.(Advances.in.Neurobiology).[taliem.ir]

Neurotoxicity of Metals

Lead exposure is a major concern for the developing nervous system. Environmental exposures to lead, predominantly from contaminated water or lead paint chips, account for the majority of exposures to children. In utero and early life exposures to lead have been associated with lower IQ, antisocial and delinquent behaviors, and attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we will discuss sources of developmental lead exposure and mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. We will highlight both human epidemiological studies showing associations between lead exposure and behavioral abnormalities as well as experimental data from animal studies. Finally, we will discuss the effects of lead on neurological endpoint past childhood, namely, development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age.