بایگانی برچسب برای: Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy.of.Hepatocellular.Carcinoma.[taliem.ir]

Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Every year, more than 800 Mio people die from hepatocellular cancer (HCC) worldwide making HCC one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Standard of care treatment options are limited and very distinct from other types of solid cancer including surgical resection, orthotopic liver transplantation, local ablative therapies, transarterial chemoembolization, and radiation and systemic therapy with TKIs. More than 80% of patients with HCC have different types of underlying liver diseases causing possible liver dysfunction making treatment of this disease much diffcult. Despite efforts from basic scientist, clinical investigators, biotech companies, and biopharma, very little progress has been made in the past 10 years. However, this may change with the advent of immunotherapy in medical oncology. There is good preclinical and clinical data suggesting that immune-based approaches may be benefcial for the treatment of patients with HCC. One should not forget that HCC is an inflammation-induced cancer and therefore may be a good candidate for immunebased approaches. As a matter of fact, HBV vaccination can be considered the frst successful preventive cancer vaccine. The increasing interest on immune-based approaches is reflected by an increased number of publications investigating immunological mechanisms in HCC (Fig. 1).
Immunotherapy.for.Gastrointestinal.Cancer.[taliem.ir]

Immunotherapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer

More than a century ago, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1908) was awarded jointly to Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich “in recognition of their work on immunity” and it was around this time that Ehrlich expounded his hypothesis that the immune system may play a role in the control of tumours . However his suggestion was actually preceded by work carried out by a young New York bone surgeon, William Coley (1862–1936) who had read about a patient who underwent dramatic regression of a neck tumour after developing erysipelas, a skin infection caused by streptococcus pyogenes. Coley subsequently observed that his own patients who developed post-operative infection after surgery seemed to gain some improvement in outcome with respect to their underlying sarcomatous tumours. He believed that these infections may have stimulated the immune system in a way that rendered it more capable of recognising and attacking the cancer. He developed Coley’s toxin comprising killed bacteria, provided by Robert Koch, and he injected this into his patients, reporting a complete regression rate in inoperable sarcomas of approximately 10% . Although the use of Coley’s toxin declined rapidly in the 1950s with the flourishing of cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, there are still clinics today that use a variation of this agent comprising Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens.
Early.Phase.Cancer.Immunotherapy.[taliem.ir]

Early Phase Cancer Immunotherapy

While connoting both the social as well as biological consequences of an entity that has plagued mankind for millennia, this sentiment recognizes the central role of the immune system in wound healing, or, in this context, tumor elimination. The critical role that the immune system plays in tumor regression, and therapeutic strategies harnessing the host immune response against tumor, have been recognized since the advent of Coley’s toxin over a century ago—based on observations that patients with severe postoperative skin infections after their sarcoma surgery would spontaneously achieve cancer remission. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine has shown durable effcacy in localized bladder cancer with reported responses in etastatic cancers as well. Decades of innovation in medical science would be required to further refne cancer immunotherapy for clinical use.