Abdominal pain or symptoms related to the gastrointestinal, urinary or genital tract are common complaints and frequent reason for admission of children in the emergency department (ED) . Despite the relatively benign nature of the most common diseases treated in the paediatric ED, there are some clinical entities that can have adverse outcomes. How high is the index of suspicion among clinicians for such serious pathologies and how well aware are they of recent advances in their diagnosis and treatment? What are the clinical pitfalls to be avoided? One issue is to detect the child with a rare and potentially severe condition among all children with more common diagnoses in the ED. A second issue is the management of abdominal diseases in very young children, who often present with less specifc signs. A third issue is more and more often the admission of children soon after the onset of the frst symptoms. In this situation, the repetition of initially normal examinations could be necessary. The mechanisms of intra-abdominal diseases can be of vascular, obstructive or infectious origin. The causes vary with the age of the child, although almost all causes can be seen at any age. For example, intussusception usually occurs in children 2 months to 2 years of age. When it is described (rarely) in older children, an underlying disease has to be searched.

The female pelvis comprises organs that produce gametes and are responsible for their transport, as well as the bone and muscle support structures. The pelvis can be divided into the pelvic structure and internal and external genitalia . The skeleton of the pelvis is formed by the sacrum, coccyx, and the hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) that previously merged to form the pubis symphysis. The sacrum and coccyx are an extension of the backbone, resulting from the fve fused sacral vertebrae; they are connected by a symphysis type of articulation that allows for some movement. One of the key points of the sacrum is the promontory, the most prominent and anterior projection, which is located just below the bifurcation of the level of the common iliac arteries. It is an important point of reference for the insertion of a laparoscope and for sacrocolpopexy .The two hip bones are then posteriorly articulated to the sacrococcygeal region of the spine, and previously between themselves, through the pubic symphysis, both being semimobile joints. A plane passing through the arched line, and the top edge of the pubic symphysis, divides the pelvis into the greater pelvis (above it) and lower pelvis (below it); this is known as the true pelvis.