The use of radiological imaging in urological cancers is increasing with improvements in imaging technologies and implementation of these techniques to clinical scenarios. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have enormous potentials in the diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of urological cancers. Emerging imaging techniques enable morphologic assessment of urological cancers with high spatial and contrast resolution. Functional imaging techniques reveal microstructure of tumors which can be used in the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and assessment of response to treatment and surveillance of tumors. Biopsyless diagnosis may be possible in the future particularly for renal and prostate tumors. In this chapter, current status of urooncologic imaging will be reviewed.

After many years of medical school, the residency match process, general surgery residency training, research fellowships, and additional fellowship match processes and training programs, you are ready and excited to take care of surgical patients both in and out of the operating room. You are ambitious and idealistic, ready to emerge from all of those grueling years to finally be a “surgeon.” The training of a surgeon, however, rarely focuses on life after residency. And this life after residency starts with your first job. Furthermore, there is startling data regarding dissatisfaction physicians in general often have with their first jobs. In fact, approximately 50% of physicians change jobs within their first 2 years, and the most common reason for this is a mismatch in expectations and practice culture . The goal of this section is to prepare the surgical trainee in his or her final years of training for the daunting task of navi gating the surgical job market in order to maximize the odds of finding a job that fits one’s expectations. Later chapters in this manual will cover both the process of choosing a job as well as salary and contract negotiations. In this chapter, however, the focus will be on the first step of the job hunt, finding a job.

Morbid obesity is becoming a serious public health problem worldwide. In Asian countries, the prevalence has increased many times over in the past few decades. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be the most effective treatment for these patients. The primary goal of bariatric surgery is to reduce the body weight or the body mass index (BMI). However, it is increasingly recognized that this surgery can also help several medical comorbidities associated with obesity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea etc. linical guidelines for bariatric surgery were frst suggested by the NIH (National Institutes of Health) in 1991 and over the past few decades, there have been many modifcations introduced by many national and international societies. BMI cutoff points and co-morbidities are commonly used to defne the indications for bariatric surgery. According to the world health organization (WHO) criteria, BMI cutoffs for obesity in Asian population are lower than the Western countries because obesity associated health risks tend to occur at a lower threshold of BMI in Asians . This aim of this chapter was to review the indications for bariatric surgery from many guidelines worldwide, especially in Asian countries. The discussed guidelines include those by the National Institutes of Health, Asian Pacifc Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society, Diabetes Surgery Summit, Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand, Asian Consensus Meeting of Metabolic Surgery, Asian Diabetes Surgery Summit, The International Diabetes Federation, The International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity-Asia Pacifc, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery and the International Federation for the Surgery of ObesityEuropean guidelines.