توضیحات
ABSTRACT
Drug addiction has been associated with an increased risk for cancer, psychological complications, heart, liver, and lung disease, as well as infection. While genes have been identified that can mark individuals at risk for substance abuse, the initiation step of addiction is attributed to persistent metabolic disruptions occurring following the first instance of narcotic drug use. Advances in analytical technologies can enable the detection of thousands of signals in body fluids and excreta that can be used to define biochemical profiles of addiction. Today, these approaches hold promise for determining how exposure to drugs, in the absence or presence of other environmentally relevant factors, can impact human metabolism. We posit that these can lead to candidate biomarkers of drug dependence, treatment, withdrawal, or relapse.
INTRODUCTION
Drug addiction is a chronic disease and an ongoing social problem world-wide. A treatment for narcotic addiction evolved during the 1960s, when Marie Nyswander and Vincent Dole conducted clinical trials that led to the development of the Methadone Maintenance Program (MMP) (see Glossary). During this period, these researchers became convinced that there was no evidence to support the theory that addicts have sociopathic tendencies or addictive personalities . However, they noticed that methadone prevented withdrawal and reduced cravings in opioid addicts, enabling them to return to normal life activities . It appeared that methadone, similar to insulin for a diabetic, restored normal homeostasis. Together, these observations led to the theory that addiction was initiated through a disruption in metabolism resulting in a persistent neurochemical disturbance and, furthermore, that this imbalance could lead to the types of psychological disturbance (such as underhanded tactics or deviant behaviors) reported for addicts (reviewed in ).
Year: ۲۰۱۸
Publisher : ELSEVIER
By : Reza Ghanbari and Susan Sumner
File Information: English Language/ 9 Page / size: 277 KB
سال : ۱۳۹۶
ناشر : ELSEVIER
کاری از : رضا قنبری و سوزان سامنر
اطلاعات فایل : زبان انگلیسی / 9 صفحه / حجم : KB 277
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