Photodegradation of Aromatic Amines by Ag-TiO2 Photocatalyst[taliem.ir]

Photodegradation of Aromatic Amines by Ag-TiO2 Photocatalyst

The photocatalytic degradation of ortho, para and meta-nitroanilines (ONA, PNA and MNA) was investigated by Ag-TiO2 suspension. The effect of some parameters such as the amount of photocatalyst, irradiation time of UV light, flow rate of O2, pH, and temperature for the Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst was also examined. Degradation of amines was small when the reaction was carried out in the absence of photocatalyst, and negligible in the absence of the UV light. Degradation rate of aniline derivatives decreases with increasing O2 in the system. The effect of pH indicated that effective degradation occurred in alkaline conditions. Degradation kinetics of these aromatic amines can be described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation and shows pseudo-first order law.
Reuse of Iraqi Agricultural Drainage Water Using Nanofiltration[taliem.ir]

Reuse of Iraqi Agricultural Drainage Water Using Nanofiltration

Irrigated areas between Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq suffer from salinity buildup in the root zone of corps. Agricultural drain water (ADW) from these areas is collected in a single main drain canal, in an annual flow rate of about 6 billion cubic meter. In the present work, a pilot-scale nanofiltration membranes unit was used to evaluate the feasibility of desalinating ADW from the main drain canal for further reuse. Bench scale experiments were conducted to determine the optimum anti-scale dosage values in the unit. These values were verified in a plate type laboratory scale NF membrane to visually monitor the onset of crystal appearance behavior. A method for calcium sulfate precipitation control is presented and an empirical correlation of anti-scale dosage as a function of concentration factor (CF) was obtained. A pilot-scale unit was used to investigate the performance of NF membrane. High rejection values for both cations and anions indicate that the use of NF membrane in desalinating ADW from the Iraqi main drain canal is promising. The treated drainage water is considered good for irrigation when classified according to Wilcox classification.
Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering[taliem.ir]

Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions – A review

Heavy metal remediation of aqueous streams is of special concern due to recalcitrant and persistency of heavy metals in environment. Conventional treatment technologies for the removal of these toxic heavy metals are not economical and further generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. Biosorption is emerging as a potential alternative to the existing conventional technologies for the removal and/ or recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions. The major advantages of biosorption over conventional treatment methods include: low cost, high efficiency, minimization of chemical or biological sludge, regeneration of biosorbents and possibility of metal recovery. Cellulosic agricultural waste materials are an abundant source for significant metal biosorption. The functional groups present in agricultural waste biomass viz. acetamido, alcoholic, carbonyl, phenolic, amido, amino, sulphydryl groups etc. have affinity for heavy metal ions to form metal complexes or chelates. The mechanism of biosorption process includes chemisorption, complexation, adsorption on surface, diffusion through pores and ion exchange etc. The purpose of this review article is to provide the scattered available information on various aspects of utilization of the agricultural waste materials for heavy metal removal. Agricultural waste material being highly efficient, low cost and renewable source of biomass can be exploited for heavy metal remediation. Further these biosorbents can be modified for better efficiency and multiple reuses to enhance their applicability at industrial scale. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of Brake System and Regenerative[taliem.ir]

Development of Brake System and Regenerative Braking Cooperative Control Algorithm for Automatic-Transmission-Based Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a brake system for an automatic transmission(AT)-based hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is developed, and a regenerative braking cooperative control algorithm is proposed, with consideration of the characteristics of the brake system. The brake system does not require a pedal simulator or a fail-safe device, because a hydraulic brake is equipped on the rear wheels, and an electronic wedge brake (EWB) is equipped on the frontwheels of the vehicle. Dynamic models of the HEV equipped with the brake system developed in this study are obtained, and a performance simulator is developed. Furthermore, a regenerative braking cooperative control algorithm, which can increase the regenerative braking energy recovery, is suggested by considering the characteristics of the proposed hydraulic brake system. A simulation and a vehicle test show that the brake system and the regenerative braking cooperative control algorithm satisfy the demanded braking force by performing cooperative control between regenerative braking and friction braking. The regenerative braking cooperative control algorithm can increase energy recovery of the regenerative braking by increasing the gradient of the demanded braking force against the pedal stroke. The gradient of the demanded braking force needs to be determined withconsideration of the driver’s braking characteristics, regenerative braking energy, and the driving comfort.
Biopolishing of cotton fabric with fungal cellulase and its effect on the[taliem..ir]

Biopolishing of cotton fabric with fungal cellulase and its effect on the morphology of cotton fibres

Attempt has been made to analyse structural changes in cotton fibres occurred during biopolishing using cellulases obtained from Trichoderma reesei. Cellulase hydrolysis results in weight loss of the samples, which, in turn, results in the splitting of fibres and removal of surface irregularities of the fibres as revealed by SEM images. Degree of crystallinity is not influenced by the biopolishing process due to random hydrolysis of the cellulase enzymes on cotton fibres. Lateral order of the crystallites, measured between (101) and (10 1 ) peaks of the x-ray diffraction reduces from 0.662 to 0.667 on account of the hydrolysis though the crystallite thickness measured perpendicular to (002) plane remains unchanged. FTIR results reveal the increased -OH bending, CH2 in-plane bending, and C-H vibrations of the cellulose chains in the biopolished cotton samples using cellulase.
Nanostructural-Chemically-Bonded-Ca-Aluminate-Based-Bioceramics

Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Ca-Aluminate Based Bioceramics

Biomaterials are based on a broad range of materials, such as organic polymers, metals and ceramics including both sintered and chemically bonded ceramics (silicates, aluminates, sulphates and phophates). The biomaterials can be made prior to use in the body in a conventional preparation of the material. The need for in situ in vivo formed implant materials makes the chemically bonded ceramics especially potential as biomaterials. These ceramics include room/body temperature formed biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility. Ca-aluminate as a biomaterial has been evaluated for over two decades with regard to general physical, mechanical and biocompatible properties. The Caaluminate based materials exhibit due to their unique curing/hardening characteristics and related microstructure a great potential within the biomaterial field. The presentation in this chapter aims at giving an overview of the use of Ca-aluminate (CA) as a biomaterial within odontology, orthopaedics and as a carrier material for drug delivery. The examination deals with aspects such as; the chemical composition selected, inert filler particles used, early properties during preparation and handling (working, setting, injection time, translucency, radio-opacity), and final long-term properties such as dimensional stability and mechanical properties (fracture toughness, compressive and flexural strength, hardness and Young´s modulus). One specific topic deals with the sealing of the Ca-aluminate biomaterials to tissue - a key in the understanding of the mechanisms of nanostructural integration.
Dependence of the Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane, Propane and Ethylene[taliem.ir]

Dependence of the Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane, Propane and Ethylene on Initial Temperature and Inert Diluent Concentration

Through its influence on flamelet combustion, the laminar burning velocity is a crucial parameter in describing turbulent combustion. Calculations with a single chemical kinetics mechanism have determined the effect of equivalence ratio and initial temperature on the burning velocities of methane, ethylene and propane in air at atmospheric pressure. These results have been checked against available data in the literature, and then used to extrapolate to the much higher temperatures that are generally of interest in recirculating flows. Simple correlations have been developed to describe them to within 10% over the temperature range from 300K to 1100K in a convenient form for modeling purposes. Dilution of fuel by carbon dioxide is of interest in the context of synthetic and biogas fuels, and so its effect has also been computed. Comparison with dilution by nitrogen indicates the extent of CO2’s role as a reactive species.
Antimicrobial Properties of Socks Protected[taliem.ir]

Antimicrobial Properties of Socks Protected with Silver Nanoparticles

Antimicrobial properties of socks containing silver nanoparticles were investigated. Two types of socks were used for testing. The first were linen (100%) socks impregnated with a specimen containing silver nanoparticles. The second type were commercially available cotton (55%) socks containing nanosilver. An antimicrobial effect was assayed against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts. It was found that the specimen used for impregnating linen socks has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts - Candida albicans. Antimicrobial effectiveness depended on the type of microorganism, cell number and concentration of silver nanoparticles. Commercially available cotton socks presented antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
آموزش شبکه هاي عصبی توابع پایه شعاعی توسط الگوریتم بهینه سازي حرکت یونها به منظور شناسایی هدف سوناري واقعی از هدف کاذب[taliem.ir]

آموزش شبکه هاي عصبی توابع پایه شعاعی توسط الگوریتم بهینه سازي حرکت یونها به منظور شناسایی هدف سوناري واقعی از هدف کاذب

شبکه هاي عصبی توابع پایه شعاعی (RBF) یکی از پرکاربردترین شبکه هاي عصبی در تشخیص و کلاس بندي اهداف سوناري میباشند. با توجه به استفاده از روش هاي بازگشتی و گرادیان نزولی براي آموزش شبکه هاي ،RBFدقت دسته بندي نامناسب، گیر افتادن در کمینه هاي محلی و سرعت همگرایی پایین از معایب این نوع شبکه میباشد. به منظور غلبه بر این معایب، این مقاله براي آموزش شبکه RBFاز الگوریتم بهینه ساز حرکت یونها (IMO) استفاده میکند. به منظور سنجش عملکرد شبکه طراحی شده با الگوریتم هاي معیار ES ،ACO ،GA ،PSOو PBILاز نظر سرعت همگرایی، دقت کلاس بندي و اجتناب از بهینه محلی مقایسه میشود. نتایج نشان دهنده آن است که شبکه طراحی شده با الگوریتم IMOنسبت به الگوریتم هاي معیار نتایج بهتري را ارائه میکند به صورتی که نسبت به بهترین الگوریتم 2/69درصد دقت بیشتري دارد.
بررسی قراردادها و شيوه های اعطای تسهيلات در بانکداری اسلامی و رابطه آنها با کاهش فقر در جامعه[taliem.ir]

بررسی قراردادها و شيوه های اعطای تسهيلات در بانکداری اسلامی و رابطه آنها با کاهش فقر در جامعه

امروزه نظام بانکی نقش مهمی در اقتصاد ایفا می نماید، بانکها و موسسات مالی از یک سو سرمایه های ریز و درشت اشخاص، خانوارها و موسسات را گردآوری و از سوی دیگر آنها را در اختیار فعالان اقتصادی قرار داده و زمینه را برای رشد و توسعه اقتصادی کشور فراهم می نمایند. در واقع بانکها؛ موسسات خدماتی هستند که ضمن گردآوری سپرده ها یا تجهیز منابع از طریق اشخاص(حقیقی و حقوقی،) نسبت به اعطای تسهیلات یا تخصیص منابع در بخشهای مختلف اقتصادی(بازرگانی، تولیدی، خدماتی،) با رعایت سیاستهای پولی و اعتباری اقدام نموده و علاوه بر آن موجبات تسهیل در دریافتها و پرداختها و سایر خدماتی که در چارچوب اساسنامه و قوانین و مقررات ناظر به خود بر عهده دارند، فراهم می سازند.