As evidenced by the current volume, there is a large and rapidly growing literature indicating that certain exposures in the prenatal period may have lasting effects on the behavior and biology of the child. Prenatal diet and nutrition is a particular focus of this volume. We seek to build upon and connect that literature to an equally large, but thus far largely separate, line of research suggesting that prenatal stress can also alter fetal and infant health and development in a manner consistent with a fetal programming hypothesis. To date, surprisingly little research has explored the relationship between prenatal nutrition and stress in the context of infant development , however several lines of evidence suggest that this is an important future direction. First, maternal stress and poor nutrition often occur together. This overlap is most clearly illustrated in extreme cases such as the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945. The famine, which occurred due to military blockades during World War II, has been well-described, and individuals who gestated during that period have been followed for many decades to understand the long-term effects on their physiology (as well as that of subsequent generations) . Gestational exposure to the Dutch famine has been linked to psychological and metabolic changes in the offspring later in life. Similar fndings have been reported in studies of those who gestated during the Great Leap Forward Famine in China (1959–1961).