بایگانی برچسب برای: Design
DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES
اطلاع رسانیThe basic advantage of masonry construction is that it is possible to use the same element to perform a variety of functions, which in a steelframed building, for example, have to be provided for separately, with consequent complication in detailed construction. Thus masonry may, simultaneously, provide structure, subdivision of space, thermal and acoustic insulation as well as fire and weather protection. As a material, it is relatively cheap but durable and produces external wall finishes of very acceptable appearance. Masonry construction is flexible in terms of building layout and can be constructed without very large capital expenditure on the part of the builder. In the first half of the present century brick construction for multistorey buildings was very largely displaced by steel- and reinforcedconcrete-framed structures, although these were very often clad in brick. One of the main reasons for this was that until around 1950 loadbearing walls were proportioned by purely empirical rules, which led to excessively thick walls that were wasteful of space and material and took a great deal of time to build. The situation changed in a number of countries after 1950 with the introduction of structural codes of practice which made it possible to calculate the necessary wall thickness and masonry strengths on a more rational basis. These codes of practice were based on research programmes and building experience, and, although initially limited in scope, provided a sufficient basis for the design of buildings of up to thirty storeys. A considerable amount of research and practical experience over the past 20 years has led to the improvement and refinement of the various structural codes. As a result, the structural design of masonry buildings is approaching a level similar to that applying to steel and concrete.
Design of Structural Elements
اطلاع رسانیThe task of the structural engineer is to design a structure which satisfies the needs of the client and the user. Specifically the structure should be safe, economical to build and maintain, and aesthetically pleasing. But what does the design process involve? Design is a word that means different things to different people. In dictionaries the word is described as a mental plan, preliminary sketch, pattern, construction, plot or invention. Even among those closely involved with the built environment there are considerable differences in interpretation. Architects, for example, may interpret design as being the production of drawings and models to show what a new building will actually look like. To civil and structural engineers, however, design is taken to mean the entire planning process for a new building structure, bridge, tunnel, road, etc., from outline concepts and feasibility studies through mathematical calculations to working drawings which could show every last nut and bolt in the project. Together with the drawings there will be bills of quantities, a specification and a contract, which will form the necessary legal and organizational framework within which a contractor, under the supervision of engineers and architects, can construct the scheme.
BRIDGE ENGINEERING
اطلاع رسانیBearings are structural devices positioned between the bridge superstructure and the substructure. Their principal functions are as follows: 1. To transmit loads from the superstructure to the substructure, and 2. To accommodate relative movements between the superstructure and the substructure. The forces applied to a bridge bearing mainly include superstructure self-weight, traffic loads, wind loads, and earthquake loads. Movements in bearings include translations and rotations. Creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects are the most common causes of the translational movements, which can occur in both transverse and longitudinal directions. Traffic loading, construction tolerances, and uneven settlement of the foundation are the common causes of the rotations. Usually a bearing is connected to the superstructure through the use of a steel sole plate and rests on the substructure through a steel masonry plate. The sole plate distributes the concentrated bearing reactions to the superstructure. The masonry plate distributes the reactions to the substructure. The connections between the sole plate and the superstructure, for steel girders, are by bolting or welding. For concrete girders, the sole plate is embedded into the concrete with anchor studs. The masonry plate is typically connected to the substructure with anchor bolts.
A Guide to Their Specifications and Design
اطلاع رسانیOur book is about the use of aluminum as a material of construction for structural components. Our major themes are: • The suitability of aluminum as a structural material, • How to design aluminum structural components in accordance with the Aluminum Association’s Specification for Aluminum Structures, • How to apply the design methods to actual structures. We begin by introducing you to aluminum, and we hope that by the end of Part I you are sufficiently well acquainted to be ready to get serious about the relationship. In Part II we explain the design requirements of the 2000 edition of the Specification for Aluminum Structures (hereafter called the Aluminum Specification), published by the Aluminum Association in its Aluminum Design Manual (4). Those of you who can’t wait to plug and chug may want to jump right ahead to Part III, and refer back to Part II only when you want to know ‘‘Where did that come from?’’ We assume that you have already had ample exposure to methods of load determination and structural analysis, so we do not replow that ground. We do, however, include in Part II a discussion on local buckling since this is a limit state (i.e., failure mode to you old-timers) that you may have been sheltered from if your design experience has been primarily with hot-rolled steel.
Design and development of logistics workflow systems for demand management with RFID
اطلاع رسانیThis paper discusses demand and supply chain management and examines how artificial intelligence techniques and RFID technology can enhance the responsiveness of the logistics workflow. This proposed system is expected to have a significant impact on the performance of logistics networks by virtue of its capabilities to adapt unexpected supply and demand changes in the volatile marketplace with the unique feature of responsiveness with the advanced technology, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Recent studies have found that RFID and artificial intelligence techniques drive the development of total solution in logistics industry. Apart from tracking the movement of the goods, RFID is able to play an important role to reflect the inventory level of various distribution areas. In today’s globalized industrial environment, the physical logistics operations and the associated flow of information are the essential elements for companies to realize an efficient logistics workflow scenario. Basically, a flexible logistics workflow, which is characterized by its fast responsiveness in dealing with customer requirements through the integration of various value chain activities, is fundamental to leverage business performance of enterprises. The significance of this research is the demonstration of the synergy of using a combination of advanced technologies to form an integrated system that helps achieve lean and agile logistics workflow .