بایگانی برچسب برای: Adolescent

Pediatric.and.Adolescent.Plastic.Surgery.[taliem.ir]

Pediatric and Adolescent Plastic Surgery for the Clinician

The primary goal of this book is to share our experience in field of pediatric plastic surgery with health practitioners who are involved in primary practice and for all others who are involved in treatment of these patients .Some fields of pediatric plastic surgery such as clefs, benign and malignant tumors, and vascular anomalies are difficult to present in short chapter, or even in one a book, because of their complexity, especially that they are already described by many other authors. Our idea was to present most important topics in pediatric plastic surgery through 14 chapters with general information about the clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, treatment options, and complications. Correction of prominent ears is presented because it is the most commonly performed aesthetic procedure in pediatric population, performed by different specialists. Microtia is in opposite extremely difficult to correct, and it is usually performed in specialized centers by highly experienced surgeons. Treatment of these patients by inexperienced surgeons can lead to devastating consequences. Breast anomalies are common in pediatric population, with aesthetic and reconstructive goals tightly connected. Breast augmentation in pediatric population has to be performed with high precautions, and these patients are best to treat at the end of adolescence. There is high variety of breast anomalies and there is no adequate classification yet. Fortunately breast tumors in pediatric population are mostly benign. Gynecomastia is the most commonly treated breast anomaly in male pediatric population and in most cases with minimally invasive procedures.
Good.Practice.in.Pediatric.and.Adolescent.[taliem.ir]

Good Practice in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Vulvovaginal complaints account for 80–90% of outpatient pediatric gynecologic visits . Most cases may be attributed to vulvovaginitis but other less common conditions, such as vulvar diseases or vulvar manifestations of systemic disease, should be taken into account. Rare causes of vulvovaginitis have to be considered especially when symptoms are recurrent or not responsive to standard treatment. In this chapter, the causes, manifestations, and management options of vulvovaginitis in childhood will be reviewed. Furthermore, common vulvar diseases affecting children were outlined, since their knowledge is essential for differential diagnosis. The prepubertal child is particularly susceptible to vulvovaginitis for anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral factors: absence of hair and minimal labial development; close oximity of the vagina to the anus; physiological hypoestrogenism which causes atrophic genital mucosa; neutral pH and unbalanced vaginal flora; absence of cervical mucus; and lack of antibodies ; furthermore, children’s tendency to have poor local hygiene and to explore their bodies increases the risk of developing this conditions. Germs may easily reach the genital area as a result of contiguity from the rectum, urethra, or the surrounding skin. Diffusion of bacteria from the upper airways is also possible through autoinoculation and occasionally hematic spread . Obesity, diabetes, anatomic anomalies, and use of antibiotics may play a role in facilitating vulvovaginitis.