This book is intended to be a practical guide designed for those who are embarking on a journey of demonstrating care quality and outcomes the at the intersection of research and practice, alternatively described as intervention effectiveness research, quality improvement activities, and program evaluation. We acknowledge that in this space are dynamically interacting factors that affect all health outcomes at the individual, family, community, and system levels. These factors range from the genome to the political and include physical and mental characteristics as well as social processes within and external to the individual and the health system . Efforts to understand the effectiveness of interventions or programs in relationship to social and behavioral factors will beneft from taking a high-level look at problems in the broad context of population and setting, and taking into account the diversity of intervention factors known to be effcacious for the population . This perspective is conceptualized in the Problem-Intervention-Outcome Meta-Model (PIO MM) described in Chapter 2. Transcending the differences among various worldviews of research, quality improvement, and evaluation allows us to think more clearly about the fundamental concepts and realize our potential to study and act to improve population health.