بایگانی برچسب برای: Obesity

Eating.Disorders.and.Obesity.A.Comprehensive.[taliem.ir]

Eating Disorders and Obesity

The transmission of gut neural signals related to the controls of food intake, such as gastric volume and gastrointestinal nutrient exposure, is primarily mediated by the afferent vagus nerves supplying the gut. Complete surgical transection of these gut afferent vagal nerves chronically increases meal size in rodent models, yet does not promote increases in body weight, because decreased meal number compensates for the additional caloric intake in each larger meal. Gut vagal afferents project first to central nervous system caudal brainstem sites important in the control of meal size, including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP), then via distinct pathways to the brainstem lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) and forebrain limbic and hypothalamic regions, including the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the lateral and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (PVN).
Focus.on.Gynecologic.Malignancies.[taliem.ir]

Focus on Gynecologic Malignancies

There are convincing epidemiologic evidence that obesity increases endometrial cancer risk and consistent positive associations between body mass index (BMI) and other adiposity parameters and endometrial cancer risk have been observed across different study populations. Indeed, the risk of endometrial cancer is estimated to be 1.54-times higher per 5 kg/m2 increment increase in BMI—an association with BMI that is the strongest that has been observed for any type of cancer. The higher risk of endometrial cancer among overweight and obese women appears to be restricted to those who have not used postmenopausal hormone therapy, suggesting that the modulation of estrogenic activity may be a possible mechanism that underlies the obesity-endometrial cancer link. Further, circulating estrogen levels are positively associated with endometrial cancer risk and partly explain the obesity-endometrial cancer association in mediation models. Another key mechanism that may link obesity with endometrial cancer risk includes hyperinsulinemia as supported by both experimental and observational data. Inflammation and increased exposure to inflammatory cytokines derived from adipose tissue represent additional putative pathways that could contribute to the role of obesity in endometrial cancer development. This review summarizes results from epidemiologic studies on obesity (assessed as BMI, waist circumference and other measures) and endometrial cancer development, highlights mechanisms that may link obesity to endometrial carcinogenesis, and discusses areas of ongoing and future research that could help to develop improved strategies for endometrial cancer prevention.
Endoscopy.in.Obesity.Management.A.Comprehensive.[taliem.ir]

Endoscopy in Obesity Management

The journey of the surgical treatment of morbid obesity largely stemmed from observations of secondary effects of other operations for unrelated pathology. The problem of incapacitating obesity found its primary treatment from the effects observed in individuals that underwent resection of a portion of their small intestine or stomach and the resulting weight loss, even if the individual was of normal weight at the outset. Recognition of an obesity health crisis and its many comorbidities is only a few decades old. For many centuries, as a consequence of chronic scarcity of food, obesity was associated with affluence, power, health, and prosperity. It was only after the technologic advances of the eighteenth century that food became more affordable and readily available. As the world exited the Second World War, farming in many areas became increasingly mechanized and industrialized. Manpower was more available resulting in decreased costs and food commodities became more affordable. The birth of the fast-food industry emerged and thrived, as did the urbanization of not only the United States, but also the world. This environment established conditions in which the prevalence of obesity skyrocketed. Late in the nineteenth century, obesity was recognized only as an aesthetic issue, and it was not until the twentieth century that it was later accepted as a signifcant health problem.