بایگانی برچسب برای: Clinical Guide

Clinical.Reproductive.Medicine.and.Surgery.[taliem.ir]

Clinical Guide to Accelerated Orthodontics

Teeth move through alveolar bone through naturally occurring drift or in response to orthodontic forces. Orthodontists want to optimize this movement while reducing potential risk factors. Orthodontic researchers have taken on this clinical challenge by uncovering the biological phenomena associated with tooth movement. There is a general consensus that the major biological events that permit orthodontic tooth movement are bone resorption to remove alveolar bone in the path of movement followed by bone formation to maintain the integrity of alveolar bone. The rates of bone resorption and tooth movement are directly proportional, while the rate of bone formation determines treatment success. In broader terms, orthodontic tooth movement can be divided into two phases: bone resorption occursduring the catabolic phase, and bone formation occurs during the anabolic phase. While we generally agree on the overall cellular and histological events necessary for orthodontic movement, the detailed mechanisms mediating these events are not completely understood. How do orthodontic forces activate bone resorption and formation? Do orthodontic forces directly or indirectly induce tooth movement? Does the periodontal ligament (PDL) influence the rate of tooth movement? Toaddress these questions, we will begin by examining how bone cells function.
Clinical.Guide.to.Heart.Transplantation.[taliem.ir]

Clinical Guide to Heart Transplantation

In modern times, heart failure has increasingly become a major public health issue, with a prevalence of approximately 5.1 million in North America . Furthermore, one in 7 Americans are age 65 or greater, with this proportion set to rise to one in 5 by 2050 . Given the agedependent increase in incidence and prevalence of heart failure, the proportion of heart failure will only continue to increase; already, it is one of the main causes of death and hospitalization in this age group. Combined with demographic improvements in life expectancies and recent improvements in the treatment of heart-failure, the proportion of patients that develop advanced heart failure has also increased substantially. The majority of patients with so-called “end-stage” heart failure are characterized by advanced structural heart disease and profound symptoms of heart failure at rest or upon minimal exertion despite maximal guideline-directed medical treatment, and typically fall into stage D of the ABCD classifcation of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), and class III–IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classifcation (see Table 1.2 for a full explanation of heart failure classifcations). There are varying etiologies of such severe heart failure, which can broadly be divided into ischemic and non-ischemic; these may include unstable arrhythmias, idiopathic cardiomyopathies and many others. Regardless of the etiology, the subgroup of stage D heart failure demonstrates a particularly high 5-year mortality rate of 80%.