بایگانی برچسب برای: medical

Into.the.Gray.Zone.A.Neuroscientist[taliem.ir]

INTO the GRAY ZONE

The scientific process works in mysterious ways. As a young neuropsychologist at the University of Cambridge, studying the relationship between behavior and the brain, I fell in love with Maureen, a Scottish woman who was also a neuropsychologist. We met in the fall of 1988 in Newcastle upon Tyne, an English city sixty miles from the Scottish border. I had been sent up to Newcastle University to solidify a collaborative relationship between my boss, Trevor Robbins, and Maureen’s boss, the improbably named Patrick Rabbitt, who was doing innovative work on how the brain ages. Maureen and I were thrust together. I was mmediately charmed by her dry wit, amazing head of chestnut hair, and lovely eyes that would tightly close whenever she laughed, which she did all the time. I was soon returning to Newcastle upon Tyne for less academic reasons, driving six hours up and back through murderous weekend traffic in my ancient Ford Fiesta, a banged-up piece of junk that I’d picked up for £1,100 from my first paycheck.
Trauma in Otolaryngology[taliem.ir]

Trauma in Otolaryngology

The word trauma is derived from an alteration of “troma” for the Greek word “titroskein” (to wound) or “tetrainein” (to pierce) and is believed to have been frst used around the year 1693. As may be expected, accounts of trauma and its treatment date back to ancient times—almost as long ago as 10,000 BC—when human civilization developed and territorial wars were waged between persons and communities. Historical accounts have been found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, India, Austria, and Germany and include descriptions of craniotomies and trephinations being done to evacuate hematomas. These offer interesting insights into the understanding of the human body and its ability to handle trauma. The Egyptian and Greco-Roman times witnessed large-scale battles and a gradual transition to the management of war wounds and war casualties. The Romans almost perfected this stratagem and established “valetudinaria” all across their lands in which the victims and survivors of wars could be attended to expeditiously and methodically. In ancient India under the rule of Ashoka, casualties of war were attended to expertly with the help of indigenously designed ambulances, skilled surgeons, and a support system provided by the womenfolk who cooked and cared for the wounded soldiers—probably the frst evidence of a nursing service!
Angiogenesis-Based[taliem.ir]

Angiogenesis-Based Dermatology

This book is dedicated to the memory of Judah Folkman, MD, with whom I had the pleasure of spending a 4-year postdoctoral fellowship, between the years 1994 and 1998. There are several aspects to Dr. Folkman’s personality that made him so effective in advancing angiogenesis in medicine. First, his research was clinically driven. He wanted to use angiogenesis as a tool to cure human disease. Thus, he chose to use basic research to address clinical problems, not as an end to itself. There are two camps of people who perform basic research with regard to human disease. The frst believes that we have to know everything in order to treat human disease. A corollary of that belief is that once we know everything, we will be able to design a specifc targeted therapy that cures advanced cancer or other ailment, with no side effects. This will be accomplished because advanced cancers are addicted to an oncogene, and targeting that oncogene will lead to a painless cure. The second camp is the one that Dr. Folkman belonged to, in that he wanted to know how we could leverage the knowledge that we have today to help patients who are sick today. As a pediatric surgeon, he recognized that patients who are sick today need treatments today, and will likely not survive until that utopian time that we have magic bullets with no side effects.
The Clinical Burden of A Global Perspective Biliary DiseaseA Global Perspective[taliem.ir]

The Clinical Burden of A Global Perspective Biliary Disease:A Global Perspective

Many biliary disorders are considered rare diseases (diseases affecting less than 50 per 100,000 inhabitants) according to the defnition by the European Commission for Public Health. They still impose a burden on the patients affected and the health-care system. Although adequate population-based epidemiological studies on biliary diseases are scarce from several parts of the world, it is evident that there is a marked geographical variation in the incidence and prevalence rates of many of the conditions (Table 1.1). These observations are attributed to differences in the worldwide distribution of risk factors. Biliary diseases may be diagnosed in all age groups, even in the neonate. The disorders range from benign conditions with potential curative options, including liver transplantation, to devastating biliary tract cancers with very poor survival. Hopefully, ongoing efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis and defne potential targets for therapy for biliary disorders will reduce the burden of these conditions in the future.
Acute Care Surgery Around the World.[taliem.ir]

Acute Care Surgery Around the World: Future Perspectives

Increasing specialization and fragmentation of ‘general surgery’ has reduced the role of surgeons to care for patients with acute surgical emergencies. The need for such services, however, has escalated due to the population living to older age with increasingly complex diseases and co-morbidities. Compounding the problem is the mounting number of severely injured patients in the emergency departments which are already filled to capacity by non-emergency patients. Other factors have also contributed to the emergence of the new specialty of ‘acute care surgery’. These include the dissatisfaction of surgeons with trauma as a career in the current era of non-operative management of many traumatic injuries; the loss of traditional general surgery cases to ‘organ-specific practices’ (e.g. colon and rectal surgery, upper GI surgery, endocrines) and highly specialized techniques (minimally invasive surgery, organ transplantation, and robotic surgery). Even nonsurgical specialties, for example interventional radiology and gastrointestinal endoscopy have eroded the modern surgical practice. The time was ripe for the creation of a new specialty, acute care surgery, created and developed by the American Association of Surgery for Trauma (AAST).
Stroke Genetics[taliem.ir]

Stroke Genetics

We introduced our first edition of this book with the statement that ‘our understanding of the genetics of common diseases has come a long way in recent years’. That statement is as true now as it was then but even we could not have foretold the enormous strides being made in the genetics of all the common diseases, with stroke being an exemplar of the complexity and struggles of that science. The advances in our mathematical and statistical capabilities along with the strides in genetic laboratories and, just as importantly, the reduction in manufacturing cost of microarray chip technology have all helped in greatly improving our understanding of stroke genetics. Many thousands of willing patients have agreed to donate their DNA in the hopes of benefitting future generations. Researchers have meticulously and painstakingly compared and contrasted millions of human polymorphisms. The enormity of this task should not be underestimated. The gratifying popularity of our first edition prompted the publishers to encourage us to produce a second edition. We approached our colleagues from across the continents, and despite their hectic schedules, not one hesitated in responding to our call.
Acute Care General Surgery[taliem.ir]

Acute Care General Surgery

Patients who present with emergency general surgical problems often have profound physiologic derangements that require immediate correction and stabilization prior to planning a diagnostic approach. This varies from the classic approach we were taught that culminates in history taking, formulating a differential diagnosis, obtaining laboratory and imaging studies, and initiating treatment. The acute care surgeon should be aggressive, take ownership, and promptly begin treatment often without having all the information in these situations. The goal is to correct life-threatening physiology either concurrently or prior to definitive anatomic correction which can be delayed.