بایگانی‌های disease

The pathological features of inﬂammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by an infltration of the lamina propria with lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils . The cytokines released by these cells trigger a process of local cell death and matrix damage, leading to the endoscopic appearance of ulcers, friability, and exudates. The biologic agents approved, or in development, for IBD target specifc steps in this process. These mechanisms of action not only resolve local inﬂammation but also account for some of the adverse events associated with the use of biologics. In this chapter we will review the pharmacodynamics (physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of their actions) and the pharmacokinetics (the fate of a drug within the body) of currently approved biologics. Since the anti-TNFs were been the only biologic class for 15 years, most of the independent laboratory data has tested these agents, whereas published data on vedolizumab and ustekinumab is more limited.

Synapse loss is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is a strong correlation between the extent of synapse loss and the severity of dementia. Accordingly, it has been proposed that synapse loss underlies the memory impairment evident in the early phase of AD and that since plasticity is important for neuronal viability, persistent disruption of plasticity may account for the frank cell loss typical of later phases of the disease. Extensive multi-disciplinary research has implicated the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the aetiology of AD and here we review the evidence that non-fibrillar soluble forms of Aβ are mediators of synaptic compromise. We also discuss the possible mechanisms of Aβ synaptotoxicity and potential targets for therapeutic intervention

بایگانی برچسب برای: disease

Treatment of Inammatory Bowel Disease with Biologics

Alzheimer’s disease: synaptic dysfunction and Aβ

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