Kolodny, Masters, and Johnson coined the term sexual medicine in their well-known Textbook of Sexual Medicine .Sexual medicine is the branch of medicine that focuses on the evaluation and treatment of sexual disorders, which have a high prevalence rate. Approximately 43% of women and 31% of men are affected by these disorders .Today the feld of sexual medicine continues to evolve. There have been recent changes in classifcation of disorders, advancements in pharmaceutical management, and improvement in behavioral therapies. This introductory chapter provides a concise review of relevant topics to sexual medicine including recent classifcation changes in the International Classifcation of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).

The demands on emergency departments are rising worldwide. Simultaneously, the scope of practice of emergency medicine continues to expand. This is fuelled by an ageing population, complex medical presentations, rising patient expectations, diffculties with access to primary care facilities, and the desire for second opinions in the case of diagnostic delay or failure in primary care settings. Diagnostic failure is the leading source of clinical complaints and of medico-legal litigation involving emergency departments. The emergency practitioner not only needs to be profcient in the evaluation of common highstakes conditions, but also has to be aware of malignant disease and rarer conditions that can present to the emergency department and facilitate their diagnosis and subsequent management. This ensures more effective communication with specialists receiving referrals. In particular, the new diagnosis of cancer is increasingly being made in the emergency setting. Once the correct diagnosis is made, it is recognised that treatment protocols and referral pathways can vary widely and that local guidance is more appropriate. Diagnostic accuracy, however, remains a universal common concern. This book aims to provide the emergency practitioner with diagnostic aide-memoires and checklists as part of the front-line diagnostic armamentarium.

John was driving his three young children to the park when they were struck head-on by a driver attempting to overtake a truck on a sharp bend. John’s car was wrecked and he developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with the most severe symptoms being persistent nightmares of the accident, profound fear and avoidance of driving, and chronic tension, irritability, and guilt about not being able to swerve out of the path of the oncoming vehicle. His children received minor cuts and bruises, from which they quickly recovered. They had more diffculty overcoming the psychological impact of the crash. In the weeks afterward, the youngest, a 4-year-old girl, frequently complained of stomachaches and refused to be out of sight of her father for fear that something bad would happen. The two older boys, ages 7 and 8, had recurrent nightmares. During the day, the boys often engaged in stereotypical play, in which they pretended to be driving cars. They would crash into one other and both fall to the ground. The boys would then get up and run around pretending to shoot one another, shouting, “You’re the bad man!” “No, you’re the bad man!” Sometimes this escalated to the point that they physically fought with one another.