Water is an economic good How to use prices to promote[taliem.ir]

Water is an economic good: How to use prices to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability

In 1992 the Dublin Water Principles claimed ‘‘water as an economic good’’ for the first time in a UN setting. But water has been recognized as an economic good for many centuries before 1992. Throughout Europe and the early United States private water supply companies thrived in a wide variety ofsettings. The ‘‘sanitary revolution’’ ofthe 19th century saw the demand for public ownership and management ofmost ofthese companies in the name ofpublic health. This, of course, did not obviate the need for water to be treated as an economic good, but a heavy emphasis on the public-good nature ofwater and its disposal led to the development ofheavily subsidized public systems. With the exception ofFrance, this was the path followed in most countries around the world. In the late 1980s, however, the World Bank and other multilateral and bilateral institutions discovered the virtues of‘‘privatization’’ in the provision ofpublic services and with privatization all of the attendant problems of setting tariffs and prices.
A simple thermodynamic model for the[taliem.ir]

A simple thermodynamic model for the doping and alloying of nanoparticles

Impurity incorporation into nanoparticles is modeled using thermodynamics. For small particles, entropically driven impurity incorporation is reduced, rendering doping difficult. We show that the free energy of surface impurities in small nanoparticles is lower than coreimpurities, surface doping therefore occurs preferentially. A critical size for core doping isidentified, below which it is energetically unfavorable. In all cases, core impurity concentration is reduced as particle size decreases. We show larger than bulk impurity concentrations arepossible, corresponding to increased alloying
Corrosion Inhibitors[taliem.ir]

Corrosion Inhibitors

A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical substance which, when added in small concentrations to an environment, minimizes or prevents corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors are used to protect metals from corrosion, including temporary protection during storage or transport as well as localized protection, required, for example, to prevent corrosion that may result from accumulation of small amounts of an aggressive phase. One example is brine, in a nonaggressive phase, such as oil. An efficient inhibitor is compatible with the environment, is economical for application, and produces the desired effect when present in small concentrations. Inhibitor efficiency, P, is given asp = (w0 -w/w0) x 100 where W0 is the corrosion rate in the absence of inhibitor, and w is the corrosion rate in the same environment with the inhibitor added
INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL[taliem.ir]

INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND INTERORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS DESIGN

The interorganizational environment faced by business organizations presents unique challenges for management accounting and control. Past management accounting research has shown interest in such collaborations because despite their benefits, such relationships pose significant issues of coordination and control. As information and communication systems supplement management control systems in their support of decision facilitation and decision influencing, examining the design of management accounting systems (MASs) in the management of interorganizational relationships and assessing how it affects the attainment of interorganizational exchange partner performance objectives is important. In this chapter, I extend past accounting research to examine the complementary nature of decision-facilitation and decisioninfluencing objectives of MAS design as enabled by the use of integrated information systems in interorganizational settings. The economic theory of complementarity is employed to examine synergistic effects of complementary MAS objectives. A field survey is used to examine hypothesized relationships, and data were obtained from 116 organizations involved in strategic alliance activity. This chapter reports findings that support the view that the degree of complementarity in decisionfacilitation and decision-influencing objectives assists in the development of capabilities that enhance performance in the interorganizational relationship. The study blends theory in the areas of strategy, information systems, and management accounting and extends management accounting research in the context of IT-enabled interorganizational relationships.
Harnessing Financial Information in Investors Decissions Accrual[taliem.ir]

Harnessing Financial Information in Investors Decissions: Accrual Accounting versus Cash Accounting

This study aims to analyze the influence of the value added of the information developed according on the two main accounting systems for investment decision making, with direct impact on the market capitalization of the listed companies. To obtain the research results, in the study were analyzed specific financial information, collected for a sample of 65 Romanian listed companies on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, between 2011 and 2013. For data analysis were used econometric models from the literature, based on the multiple regression analysis and adapted to the research objectives. At the level of the study, there was estimated and tested the influence of the information attained based on the use of cash accounting (quantified through the cash flow from operations, cash flow from investing and cash flow from financing) and based on the use of accrual accounting (quantified through the variation of the operating and net income) on the capital gains yield of listed companies. Research results show a growth of the value relevance of the information obtained based on the use of accrual accounting compared to the ones obtained as a result of cash accounting use, in the case of Romanian listed companies.
The Role of Accrual Accounting Basis in the Prediction of Future[taliem.ir]

The Role of Accrual Accounting Basis in the Prediction of Future Cash Flows: The Nigerian Evidence

The study examines the role of past accrual based earnings derived from accrual accounting basis in comparison to cash flows in the prediction of future operating cash flows of quoted non-financial companies in Nigeria. Using a sample of 40 quoted non-financial companies in the Nigeria Stock Exchange, studied over a period of 13 years from 2001 – 2013, and employing the OLS regression technique, the results suggest that both past accrual based earnings and cash flows have predictive ability in forecasting future operating cash flows. The results show that cash flows are a better predictor of future operating cash flows than past earnings. Our findings do not support the assertion of the FASB (1978) and the IASB (1989) that earnings are a better predictor of future cash flows. The study recommends that the quality of accounting information produced by the accrual accounting basis should be improved upon by the urgent enforcement of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) in Nigeria.
Capital structure professional[taliemir]

Capital structure: professional management guidance

Purpose – Capital structure decisions rely on a complex array of theoretical foundations and practical considerations. At the managerial level, it is impractical to base decisions purely on theory. While one can develop a perception of an optimal capital structure, the decision is often obscured by practical limitations to the theoretical base. In order to be useful to practicing managers, policies and decision techniques need to be efficiently accomplished and based on available information. This paper seeks to provide that practical framework. Design/methodology /approach – This paper recounts the simple theoretical base for capital structure, highlights some of the problems encountered when applying the theory to reality, and suggests a framework for practical managerial decisions about capital structure. This exposition is especially useful in undergraduate business curricula, in particular for finance majors considering professional management as a career. Findings – While application of traditional capital structure theory is often impractical, numerous tools are available for use by professional managers to make informed decisions about capital structure. Practical implications – The conclusions from this paper provide a framework for current and prospective professional managers for making appropriate capital structure decisions in their management careers. Social implications – Proper managerial techniques and considerations for leverage and capital structure can potentially benefit society through more prudent use of debt, based on the variety of measures presented in this paper. Originality/value – Topics discussed in this paper have been in development since the 1950s. The contribution of this paper is the creation of a framework for understanding and applying these topics, for pedagogical and management training purposes
Environmental management accounting practices in small medium[taliem.ir]

Environmental management accounting practices in small medium manufacturing firms

This study investigates factors and barriers which influence the practice of environmental management accounting (hereafter known as EMA)
An experimental and numerical study on heat transfer[taliem.ir]

An experimental and numerical study on heat transfer enhancement for gas heat exchangers fitted with porous media

The present experimental and numerical work investigates the effect of metallic porous materials, inserted in a pipe, on the rate of heat transfer. The pipe is subjected to a constant and uniform heat flux. The effects of porosity, porous material diameter and thermal conductivity as well as Reynolds number on the heat transfer rate and pressure drop are investigated. The results are compared with the clear flow case where no porous material was used. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that higher heat transfer rates can be achieved using porous inserts at the expense of a reasonable pressure drop. Also, it is shown that for an accurate simulation of heat transfer when a porous insert is employed its effective thermal conductivity should be carefully evaluated. 
Evaluating the influence of physical, economic and managerial factors on[taliem.ir]

Evaluating the influence of physical, economic and managerial factors on sheet erosion in rangelands of SW Spain by performing a sensitivity analysis on an integrated dynamic model

An integrated dynamic model was used to evaluate the influence of climatic, soil, pastoral, economic and managerial factors on sheet erosion in rangelands of SW Spain (dehesas). This was achieved by means of a variancebased sensitivity analysis. Topsoil erodibility, climate change and a combined factor related to soil water storage capacity and the pasture production function were the factors which influenced water erosion the most. Of them, climate change is the main source of uncertainty, though in this study it caused a reduction in the mean and the variance of long-term erosion rates. The economic and managerial factors showed scant influence on soil erosion, meaning that it is unlikely to find such influence in the study area for the time being. This is because the low profitability of the livestock business maintains stocking rates at low levels. However, the potential impact of livestock, through which economic and managerial factors affect soil erosion, proved to be greater in absolute value than the impact of climate change. Therefore, if changes in some economic or managerial factors led to higher stocking rates in the future, significant increases in erosion rates would be expected.